Rates of Reaction Questions

1. There is a danger in coalmines that coal dust may catch fire and start an explosion. Explain why coal dust is more dangerous than pieces of coal.

Coal dust is around the air can explode once it is ignited, more over the smaller the pieces of coal are broken down to, the quicker it burns moreover coal dust is not very visible unlike pieces of coal. Pieces of coal are bigger and much more visible. Coal dust can also cause "black lung disease".

2. ‘Alko’ indigestion tablets and ‘Neutro’ indigestion powder are both alkalis. Which do you think will act faster to cure acid indigestion? Describe how you could test the two remedies in the laboratory with a bench acid to see whether you are right?

It is powder, and has a smaller surface area. Test it with universal indicator

3. Catalysts A and B both catalyse the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The following figures were obtained at 20°C for the volume of oxygen formed against the time since the start of the reaction.

Time (in minutes	0	5	10	15	20	25	30	35
Volume of oxygen with catalyst A (in cm3)	0	4	8	12	16	17	18	18
Volume of oxygen with catalyst B (in cm3)	0	5	10	15	16.5	18	18	18

a. Plot a graph to show both sets of results

b. Say which is the better catalyst, A or B.

The better catalyst would be catalyst B because you can see that the volume of oxygen increases faster.

c. Explain why both experiments were done at the same temperature

To keep it a fair test and also catalyst may work at different rates if they were under different temperatures

d. Explain why both sets of figures stop at 18 cm³ of oxygen

e. Add a line to your graph to show the shape of the graph you would obtain for the uncatalysed reaction.

4. The graph below shows the results of three experiments involving the reaction of magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid

a. Which experiment has the fastest rate at the start? 1

b. Which experiment produced the greatest final volume of gas? 2

c. Which experiment used the most concentrated acid? 1

5. Copper (II) oxide catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. 0.5 g of the copper oxide was added to a flask containing 100 ml of hydrogen peroxide. A gas was released. It was collected and its volume noted every 10 seconds. The table below shows the results:

Time (in seconds)	0	10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90
Volume (in ml)	0	18	30	40	48	53	57	58	58	58

a. What is a catalyst? A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of a reaction but is not affected by some sort of change, it isn't used up.

b. Draw a diagram of suitable apparatus that you would use to carry out this experiment.

c. Name the gas that is formed. Oxygen + (water)

d. Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. H2O2 --> H2+O2

e. Plot a graph of the volume of gas against time.

f. What happen to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide as the reaction proceeds? The concentration decreases

g. What chemicals are present in the flask after 90 seconds? water and catalyst

h. What mass of copper (II) oxide would be left in the flask at the end of the reacting? The same mass

i. Sketch on your graph the curve that might be obtained when:

i) 1.0 g of copper (II) oxide is used (green line on graph)

ii) 0.5 g of copper (II) oxide is used in a hydrogen peroxide solution of a lower concentration

6. The equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is

CaCO₃ (s) + 2 HCl (aq) ¾® CaCl₂ (aq) + H₂ O (l) + CO₂ (g)

Two different 10.0 g samples of calcium carbonate were reacted at 25 C with excess hydrochloric acid for a period of 6 minutes. One of the samples was in the form of large lumps and the other consisted of small lumps.

	Mass of flask and contents (in g)
Time (min)	Large lumps	small lumps
0	112.4	111.6
0.5	111.6	109.2
1	111.1	108.3
2	110.2	107.4
3	109.6	107.2
4	109.1	107.2
5	108.7	107.2
6	108.5	107.2

a. Draw a diagram of apparatus which would be suitable for carrying out this experiment.

b. Explain why the mass of each flask and contents decreases. The mass of the contents decrease because hydrochloric acid displaces the calcium carbonate to form calcium chloride. Also gas is given off during the experiment.

c. Draw two graphs on the same set of axes to show how the total loss of mass changes with time for each sample.

Total loss for red dotted line (large lumps)- 3.9 grams

Total loss for blue dotted line (small lumps- 2 grams

d. On the same grid sketch the graph you would expect to obtain if the experiment was repeated with 10g of powdered calcium carbonate

advantages vs the disadvantages in producing alcohol by fermentation and in industry

Fermentation

Advantages

• The Raw material is renewable
• Not a lot of energy is needed for this process
• Doesn't release harmful gasses into the atmosphere

Disadvantages

• In terms of labour, a lot of workers are needed
• The rate of reaction is rather slow
• You have to go through a couple stages

Industrial

Advantages

• The reaction is a one stage process
• The catalyst can be regenerated
• The production runs all the time, and it is much faster

Disadvantages

• It is non renewable
• A lot more energy is needed compared to fermentation
• The process may release harmful gasses into the atmosphere

3.4 Recall the products of the complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons are called ________

Small chain hydrocarbons ________ chain are used as fuels

The reaction is called________

The word equation for this chemical reaction is: ________

If there is insufficient oxygen the word equation is: ________

The problem with this reaction is that ________ is produced, this gas is a ________

Where can you find incomplete combustion?

What is used to reduce the harmful products from incomplete combustion?

During incomplete combustion a smoky flame is often seen, explain this observation

Describe the two chemical tests for water

Describe the chemical test for carbon dioxide gas

Describe a physical test for water

3.2 and 3.3 I can recall the general formula and displayed formulae of alkanes

What is the general formula for Alkanes?

Describe and explain the trend in boiling point

1.Methane

2.ETHANE

3.PROPANE

4.BUTANE

5.PENTANE

3.1 I can explain the terms homologous series, hydrocarbon, saturated, unsaturated, general formula and isomerism

Homologous Series
Definition Example

Hydrocarbon
Definition Example

Saturated Hydrocarbon
Definition Example

Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Definition Example

General formula
Definition Example

Isomerism
Definition Example

5.13 I can describe the catalytic cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons

What is the difference between alkanes and alkenes?

What action allows the long chain hydrocarbons in Liquid Paraffin to break down into short chain hydrocarbons?

What is an alkene?

As the gas is being collected over water, why is it important to make sure that the water doesn't suck back into the test tube?

What happens to the rate of gas production as the experiment continues? Why?

When the tube is first heated why is the gas produced not collected?

In the experiment seen in the video, where does the cracking occur?

What is the main difference between the molecules before entering the cracker and after leaving the cracker?

5.12 I can recall the problems associated with fractional distillation of Crude Oil

a. When crude oil undergoes __________ ____________ there are too many_____ chain hydrocarbons (eg _________)produced and not enough ______chain hydrocarbons (eg ________)

b. To solve these problems the ________ chain hydrocarbons undergo a chemical reaction called ________

Image taken from 'Chemistry4You' text book.